Which civilization is noted for its artistic achievements and was in constant conflict with Sparta?

The Athenian civilization is well-known for its remarkable artistic achievements, particularly during the 5th century BCE, often referred to as the Golden Age of Athens. This period saw the flourishing of arts, philosophy, and democracy, with significant advancements in architecture exemplified by structures like the Parthenon, as well as in drama and sculpture.

Moreover, Athens had a notable rivalry with Sparta, characterized by both cultural differences and military conflict. Athens emphasized a strong naval power and a democratic form of governance, while Sparta favored a militaristic and austere society. This rivalry culminated in the Peloponnesian War, where the two city-states fought for dominance over ancient Greece.

In contrast, the other civilizations listed each had their own unique achievements and routes of conflict, but none matched the specific dynamic between Athens and Sparta that is central to classical studies and historical narratives of ancient Greece.