Which planning concept involves creating new cities in the countryside with rail access to the original city?

The concept of Garden Cities is rooted in the desire to create self-contained communities surrounded by green belts, combining the benefits of both urban and rural living. This planning approach was established by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the late 19th century. Garden Cities typically feature residential areas, gardens, and parks alongside necessary amenities such as schools and shops, encouraging a harmonious relationship between nature and urban life.

The inclusion of rail access is significant as it promotes connectivity between these new cities and the original urban centers, facilitating the movement of residents and encouraging economic ties. The design aims to reduce urban congestion by providing alternative living spaces that are still accessible to the original city's resources and opportunities.

In contrast, New Urbanism focuses on walkable neighborhoods with a diverse range of housing and jobs within proximity, emphasizing sustainability and community engagement rather than specifically creating new cities connected by rail. The City Beautiful movement aimed to enhance the aesthetic appeal of cities through grand architecture and urban design rather than developing new discrete urban areas. The New Towns Movement, while also centered on developing planned communities, typically arose as a response to post-war housing shortages, emphasizing the establishment of new towns rather than the specific Garden City model or explicit rail access.