Which structural concept is used to allow tall buildings to stand without overly massive columns?

The use of flying buttresses as a structural concept is significant in allowing tall buildings to stand without the need for overly massive columns. Flying buttresses are architectural elements that transfer the lateral forces from the roof and upper walls of a structure to a support system positioned at some distance away, typically at the ground level. This design enables the building to maintain stability and integrity while allowing for soaring heights and expansive interior spaces.

Historically, this technique exemplified an advancement in Gothic architecture, where it was extensively applied to cathedrals and large churches. By redirecting the weight and stress from the vaulted ceilings, flying buttresses not only reinforced the structural integrity but also permitted the incorporation of larger windows and intricate designs, enhancing the aesthetic and spiritual qualities of the buildings.

In contrast, the other concepts mentioned do not address the issue of balancing height with structural support in the same manner. While post and lintel systems provide a simple structural form that supports horizontal loads well, they limit the height of the structure. Vaults can create expansive interiors as well, but they rely on thick walls or columns to maintain support. Prefabrication relates to the method of constructing buildings using pre-made components but does not specifically address how to minimize massive columns in tall structures. Thus